New Westminster cosmetic injectables

New Westminster cosmetic injectables

Botox Consultation New Westminster

Our licensed practitioners aren't only experts in Cosmetic Botox but also stay at the forefront of the latest trends and techniques in the industry. We get it; you want to enhance your beauty, not change it. Botox Specials Instead, we start with a thorough consultation to understand what you're hoping to achieve with Botox, whether it's reducing fine lines, smoothing out wrinkles, or achieving a more youthful appearance. It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling more confident in our skin.

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Learn more about New Westminster cosmetic injectables here We've handpicked each member for their expertise, dedication, and passion for wellness and beauty.
This means you can easily fit a session into your lunch break or between errands without a significant disruption to your day. It's incredibly rewarding to hear such positive feedback. Learn more about Manhas Health Co. here. We offer a comprehensive suite of Botox services, designed to rejuvenate and enhance your natural beauty. Clients can often return to their daily activities immediately after their session, making it a convenient option for those with busy schedules.
During the procedure, we'll use a very fine needle to inject Botox into the targeted muscles. We're proud to offer a service that not only enhances natural beauty but also fits seamlessly into our clients' lifestyles. Our Before and After Gallery showcases the dramatic transformations our clients have experienced, further illustrating the remarkable impact of our Botox treatments. That's why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach.
Afterward, you can expect minor swelling or bruising at the injection sites, but these side effects usually subside within a few days. We'll work with you to create a maintenance plan that suits your lifestyle and keeps you looking your best. Having explored the cost and payment options, let's now examine why Manhas Health Co stands out as the premier choice for cosmetic Botox treatments. The cost of cosmetic Botox varies, depending on the areas treated and the amount of Botox used.

We listen to your concerns and goals to tailor a treatment plan that's just right for you. It's normal to experience slight redness or swelling in the treated areas, but these symptoms usually subside quickly.

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  2. Botox For Younger Looking Skin
  3. Botox For Fine Lines
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At Manhas Health Co., we're dedicated to helping you look and feel your best, using Botox to target these critical areas with precision and care. I look like myself, just more vibrant.
That's why we're always available to answer any questions you might've about your personalized treatment plan. We're committed to ensuring you're delighted with your results, so we'll schedule a follow-up appointment to assess your progress and decide if any touch-ups are necessary. We use only FDA-approved products, and our practitioners are highly trained in administering injections safely.
Join us as we uncover the magic behind Botox and discover why so many are turning to this revolutionary treatment to help them look and feel their best. Trust us to craft a Botox plan that's just right for you, blending artistry with precision for natural-looking results. Read more about New Westminster cosmetic injectables here You can reach out to us through our website, via email, or by giving us a call.
By temporarily paralyzing the muscles beneath the skin, Botox doesn't just smooth out the lines we've already acquired; it also stops us from making the repetitive facial movements that lead to the development of future wrinkles. It's common for clients to worry about the safety and side effects of these procedures.

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Our team of experts isn't only highly trained in the latest Botox techniques but also deeply committed to your safety and satisfaction.

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The entrance to the Fraser is very striking—Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr [sic] the Background of Superb Mountains—Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away.

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Como Lake Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Como Lake Park, 700 Gatensbury St, Coquitlam, BC V3J 5G8
Snug urban green space with a lakeside trail, a play structure, sports fields & a picnic area.

West Village Park

Whalley
Tourist attraction, Park
West Village Park, 10357 133 St, Surrey, BC V3T 3Y9


Citations and other links

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These stories aren't just about the aesthetic improvements; they're about the newfound confidence and joy our clients experience. We understand that life can be unpredictable, so we've designed our booking process to be flexible. We're here to guide you through understanding the full spectrum of benefits that cosmetic Botox offers, including our competitive cost and flexible payment options. We've gathered a few tips to ensure you're fully prepared for the treatment day. We know that everyone's skin and cosmetic goals differ, which is why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach.

We've dedicated ourselves to not just meeting, but exceeding the expectations of our clients, ensuring each experience is tailored to their individual needs. You're in good hands with us at Manhas Health Co. Our priority is to accommodate your needs while ensuring you feel confident and informed every step of the way. We're here to guide you through each step, ensuring your experience is as comfortable and satisfying as possible.

At Manhas Health Co., we're more than just a clinic; we're a partner in your journey to feeling and looking your best. Our professionals are highly trained in administering Botox, guaranteeing not just effective but also natural-looking results. Botox For Jaw Reduction It's not just about looking younger; it's also about feeling better in your skin. Our goal is to ensure everyone leaves feeling informed and excited about their Botox journey.

Beyond the convenience of minimal downtime, we're proud to highlight that Botox treatments at Manhas Health Co.

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  • Botox Lip Flip
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also offer long-lasting results that our clients love. Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual's needs, we customize every Cosmetic Botox treatment plan to ensure optimal results. That's why we're thrilled to offer a solution that not only delivers remarkable results but also respects our clients' time. We use a fine needle for the injections, making the process as comfortable as possible.

Expert Injector for Botox and Fillers New Westminster cosmetic injectables
Botox for Smile Lines and Crow’s Feet New Westminster cosmetic injectables

Botox for Smile Lines and Crow’s Feet New Westminster cosmetic injectables

We're excited to offer Cosmetic Botox because it's a quick, minimally invasive procedure that can make a significant difference in how people perceive themselves. We'll discuss your medical history, any medications you're taking, and assess your skin to ensure Botox is the right choice for you. We're committed to creating a welcoming and stress-free environment, so you'll feel at ease throughout the process. We believe that communication is key to achieving the best outcomes. At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to providing an experience that's as exceptional as the results we deliver.

Our team of professionals is trained in the latest techniques to ensure that each session is tailored to meet individual needs and expectations.

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Following your Botox treatment at Manhas Health Co., we'll guide you through the aftercare process to ensure optimal results and a smooth recovery. At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to ensuring that your cosmetic Botox experience not only meets but also exceeds your expectations. This personalized approach ensures that we can target just the right areas, with the right amount of Botox, to achieve natural-looking results that enhance your features without altering your natural expressions.

Hydrated skin responds better to Botox, and a good skincare regimen ensures that your skin is in the best condition possible. Furthermore, the convenience doesn't stop at the time it takes to perform the procedure. This is where frown lines occur, and Botox can significantly reduce these marks of concentration or concern, contributing to a friendlier, more approachable appearance. The procedure itself is quick, usually taking no more than 20 minutes.

John, another satisfied client, mentioned, 'The team at Manhas Health Co. made me feel comfortable from the start. Botox Wrinkle Treatment It's crucial not to rub or massage the treated areas for at least 24 hours; this prevents the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles. At Manhas Health Co., we've seen firsthand how Botox can significantly reduce the appearance of wrinkles, offering a more youthful look that our clients love. The minimal downtime associated with Botox at Manhas Health Co. means that achieving a refreshed and rejuvenated appearance doesn't have to disrupt your schedule.

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After the treatment, we recommend avoiding touching or rubbing the treated areas for at least 24 hours.

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We've carefully curated this gallery to include a diverse range of clients, showcasing various age groups and treatment areas. Our approach is holistic and patient-centered. You can book your appointment directly through our website, where you'll find a convenient booking form.

Moreover, we pride ourselves on using the latest techniques and highest quality products. Our clinic follows strict safety protocols, so you can feel confident in the quality and safety of your treatment. Booking your appointment is the first step towards embracing the enhanced you.

When considering Botox at Manhas Health Co, you'll first undergo a comprehensive consultation to tailor the treatment to your specific needs and expectations. It blocks the nerve signals to the muscles where it's injected, preventing them from contracting, which in turn reduces the appearance of wrinkles. With us, you're not just receiving a treatment; you're embarking on a journey to rediscover your best self.

These activities can increase blood flow to the face and potentially dilute the Botox, affecting its effectiveness. Don't rub or massage the treated areas for at least 24 hours; this can cause the Botox to spread to unintended muscles. Let's help you achieve the results you're looking for with the care and expertise you deserve.

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Downtown Beauty Clinic New Westminster cosmetic injectables
Downtown Beauty Clinic New Westminster cosmetic injectables

They're not just about the treatments but ensuring you're comfortable and informed throughout the process.” We're here to support our clients, not just aesthetically, but by providing a caring and professional environment. We're excited for you to see the difference Manhas Health Co. can make in your life. After the injections, we'll provide you with aftercare instructions to ensure the best possible results and minimize any potential side effects. Botox Facial Treatments We understand that everyone's skin is unique, which is why we offer personalized consultations. Understanding that each patient has unique needs, we create personalized Botox treatment plans to achieve the best possible outcomes.

That's why we don't just offer a one-size-fits-all approach. We also make sure to stay upright for several hours post-treatment to assist with this. Botox For Younger Looking Skin We'll also include a reminder closer to the date, so you won't forget. We then craft a personalized treatment plan, ensuring the results align with their desires.

Our goal is to make your experience as comfortable and satisfying as possible. One client mentioned, “After my first session at Manhas Health Co., I noticed a significant reduction in my forehead lines. Botox In Cosmetic Dermatology We're always amazed at how a few small injections can make such a significant difference. By sticking to these before and after care tips, we're confident you'll love your refreshed look.

We're here to guide you through the financial aspects, ensuring clarity and ease of access to our services. Our Botox services extend to addressing excessive sweating, a condition known as hyperhidrosis, which can be life-changing for those who've struggled with it. This ensures that our treatment plans aren't only effective but also safe for each individual. We're here to listen and provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision.

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It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling your best. We always advise our clients on how to care for their skin post-treatment to ensure the best possible outcome, but the beauty of Botox is its convenience. How can you best prepare for Botox treatment and what steps should you follow for optimal recovery? Our practitioners aren't only highly skilled but also continually update their knowledge to incorporate the latest advancements in cosmetic treatments.
At Manhas Health Co., we've seen firsthand how it's not just about the aesthetic improvements but also about boosting our clients' confidence. Side effects, though rare, can occur and include temporary bruising, swelling, or redness at the injection site. Remember, we're here to answer any questions and address concerns, ensuring your experience with Botox at Manhas Health Co. is both beneficial and safe.

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At Manhas Health Co, we pride ourselves on our state-of-the-art facilities. Staying hydrated and maintaining a healthy skin care routine leading up to your appointment can also enhance your results.

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After your treatment, we can't stress enough the importance of following our aftercare advice to ensure the best results.
Without these signals, the muscles can't contract, leading to a smoother, softer complexion. At our clinic, we believe that enhancing your natural beauty starts with personalized Botox treatments designed to complement your unique features.

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When considering cosmetic Botox at Manhas Health Co, it's vital to know what the journey entails from start to finish.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

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The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

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A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

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Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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